Representation of Russian Culture and Civilization in Pakistani Urdu Novels

روسی تہذیب و ثقافت کے پاکستانی اردو ناول میں مظاہر

Abstract

Russia emerged as the successor to Tsarist rule and later became the representative center of the Soviet Union. From 1721 to 1917, the Russian Empire remained one of the world’s largest integrated empires, extending from the Arctic Ocean to the Black Sea and from the Baltic Sea to the Pacific Ocean. Historically, it was regarded as the second largest contiguous empire after the Mongol Empire and the third largest country in the world after British-controlled India and Qing China. Between 1440 and 1480, Russian territories remained under Mongol and Tatar influence; however, several historians argue that Russian principalities also formed military alliances with these powers due to their fragmented political structure and inability to resist external aggression independently.

The decline of Tsarist rule culminated in the revolutionary upheavals of the early twentieth century. The autocratic government of Tsar Nicholas II collapsed under severe political, economic, and social pressures, paving the way for the Russian Revolution. Under the leadership of Vladimir Lenin, the Bolshevik Party initiated a socialist revolution in 1917, resulting in the establishment of the Soviet state. The Tsarist system had been marked by feudal backwardness, agrarian exploitation, and the concentration of absolute power in the hands of the Tsar.